Fundamentals of Toxicology

Day 1: Introduction to Toxicology

• History and scope of toxicology

• Definitions and basic terminology

• Classification of toxic agents

• Sources and types of toxins (chemical, biological, physical)

• Routes of exposure: inhalation, dermal, ingestion, injection

• Factors influencing toxicity (dose-response, duration, individual sensitivity)

Day 2: Mechanisms of Toxic Action and Biotransformation

• Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)

• Cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity

• Enzymatic detoxification and bioactivation

• Target organs and systemic effects

• Case studies: Organ-specific toxicants (nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic)

Day 3: Toxicological Testing and Risk Assessment

• Types of toxicological testing (acute, sub-chronic, chronic)

• In vitro and in vivo testing methods

• LD50, NOAEL, LOAEL – interpretation and significance

• Risk assessment process and models

• Safety evaluation and exposure limits (TLVs, PELs, etc.)

• Regulatory frameworks: REACH, OSHA, EPA, WHO guidelines

Day 4: Toxicology in Public and Occupational Health

• Environmental toxicology and pollution control

• Occupational toxicology and workplace exposure

• Toxicology of pesticides, heavy metals, and solvents

• Toxicological emergencies and first aid procedures

• Ethical and legal issues in toxicology

• Real-world case studies and incident analyses

Day 5: Applied Toxicology and Evaluation

• Toxicology in pharmaceuticals and drug safety

• Forensic toxicology: principles and practices

• Analytical toxicology: instruments and interpretation

• Evaluating Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

• Group exercises: Exposure scenario evaluation

• Final assessment and open discussion/Q&A